Affective Disorder in Children

This week I read an article for my psychology class about the behavioral developmental of children who are born into a family with one or two parents that have been diagnosed with mental disorders, such as major depressive.  This article was written by several professors at Harvard University who discuss the negative affects of mentally-ill parents interacting with their children.  The article states that children may learn to cope by making close relationships with friends and other family members rather than a questionably detrimental one with their parent.  However, this is still an issue effecting the behavioral development of children (known as affective disorder) and is shown through a longitudinal study conducted by Harvard University.

The sample taken for this longitudinal study was composed of 172 children, 11 to 19 years of age, from 101 families (75 girls and 97 boys).  In this study, I found it interesting that adolescent girls were more resilient to affective disorder.  The article suggests that this is because girls tend to be more sociable.  This sociability leads to more outside relationships, compensating for their lack of parental relationship.This study is important in showing how interpersonal relationships between mentally-ill parents and their children may negatively affect their behavioral and learning development.  With this combative solution, this shouldn't be too big of a problem should it?  The article and longitudinal study's main purpose was to have an understanding of the long-term effects in order to tell whether or not parents recovering from mental illnesses are capable of raising children through various coping methods such as creating active sociability in their children.  By creating this sociability with others, this aids in the child's behavioral learning.

As expected, most of the serious psychopathology resulted from parents who were diagnosed with mental disorders.  38% of adolescence in the experimental group were diagnosed with past or current affective disorder vs 2% in the control group.  Also, the study showed that the diagnosed parents show a negative correlation between socioeconomic status and the duration of the parent's illness (the longer the duration, the lower their status).  Therefore, a parent's depression directly affects their child later in life throughout different dynamics.

So with these findings, should mentally-ill parents be able to have full responsibility of raising their children?  Well, I believe it depends on the severity of the situation of the individual.  However, this study shows that if the situation is very serious, than a parent who cannot raise themselves should not be seen as fit to raise a child, considering the affects on the child's behavioral development.

"Prozac Nation"

The amount of new prescription drugs discovered each year increases, so why are the numbers for mentally ill people increasing with it?  "If 'wonder drugs' like Prozac are really helping people, why has the number of Americans on government disability due to mental illness skyrocketed from 1.25 million in 1987 to over 4 million today?"(Mentall Illness, 2012)

Prozac is a drug that is commonly prescribed as an antidepressant.  There has actually been a best-selling book and movie based on the true story of Elizabeth Wurtzel, a girl who suffered from major depression during her freshman year at Harvard and was prescribed Prozac.  She describes her major depression as "Waking up every morning afraid you're going to live."  But throughout the book she recognizes the problem with Prozac; it's widely and unnecessarily prescribed.  She calls her doctor "her drug dealer" and her office the crack house. She states,"Seems like all the doctors have been dealing now, we live in a Prozac Nation." She claims the drug does more harm than good.

Elizabeth Wurtzel is right.  An article written by Boston.com states that depression used to be thought of as a defect in the chemical balance of the brain.  However, recent experiments have shown that it has more to do with the size of the neurons in the brain.  One of the pros of Prozac is that it helps stop many of the signs of depression, but that is simply because it strengthens the neurons, helping them to grow.  But anyone can make their neurons grow by proactive physical activitiy and exercise.  So why is Prozac prescribed so much?  Because it's easy.  It's easy to take a pill and feel happy, but not all depression needs the extremity of prescriptions.  Before prescribing, every possible method should be tried.  

"The best way to think about depression is as a mild neurodegenerative disorder," says Ronald Duman, a professor of psychiatry and pharmacology at Yale. "Your brain cells atrophy, just like in other diseases [such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's]. The only difference with depression is that it's reversible. The brain can recover."

This explanation of depression shows that it can be reversed, but taking pills is a solution that must be done throughout life.  Why take pills all the time when you can make a natural, empowering change in your life and fix it with the help of therapy or other methods.  The question doctors need to start asking themselves is: Do the pros outweigh the cons for certain medical treatment of the mentally ill?  Blindly prescribing medications can be harmful because the drug was made to treat the disorder; not the individual.  As with many drugs, side effects differ among individuals, some more severe than others.  Therefore, doctors must go further than matching a prescription with an illness.  They must look into the pros and cons and see exactly how this is effecting their patient as an individual.  In many cases, it may be more proactive to try other methods before taking the easy way out.

Shocking, Isn't It?

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as electroshock therapy, is stilled used today by many psychiatric hospitals today.  Despite it's reputation from the past being something like this...

... ECT is making a quiet comeback.  But no need to be scared because the World Association of Psychiatry (WPA) requires the consent of the patient before therapy can be pursued and there have actually been many success stories of ECT such as the following:

“In the past two years, I have had several courses of ECT to treat psychotic, suicidal depression and believe me, ECT was the only thing that helped at all.  Three months after my last maintenance treatment, my moods are stable and I am a successful graduate student. I have told my psychiatrist that he saved my life with the ECT. I hate to admit it because I find the treatments abhorrent, but I truly believe that this awful treatment has saved my life more than once."(http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/241309)

So how does this miraculous therapy work?  And who is it used on?  ECT is mainly used for those patients with severe depression, and has been since the 1930's, making it one of the oldest methods of depression treatment.  This therapy works by stimulating the brain through neurotransmitters, which are normally given through anti-depressant medication.  However, for patients who may not be able to handle the side effects of certain medications, ECT can give more effective outcomes.  Also, it works much quicker than most medications.  This is why it is used mainly for severe cases, who need treatment rapidly.  

ECT has actually been proven to be 80% effective.  Reading about this surprised me because I wanted to know why this isn't used more often.  Well, a downfall to this great therapy is memory loss.  However, these memories return within weeks of treatment.  Also, ECT has been proven to not cause brain damage.  Resistance to this treatment could be due to its lack of publicity or its bad reputation, but the effects of ECT are often underestimated.  While it may not be an ideal long-term treatment (perhaps because taking pills seems less tedious than going to sessions of ECT), this form of therapy is an effective treatment which helps those who need quick therapy in severe cases.

"Divided Minds"

Over spring break I finally had the time to leisure read.  After hours in Barnes & Noble I found a book called "Divided Minds"  This is a book about two twins: one who is diagnosed as a narcoleptic paranoid schizophrenic (Pammy) and the other becomes a psychiatrist (Lynnie).  When I read the back before buying this book it immediately grabbed my attention.  Not only do I love learning about schizophrenia but this story is told in a diary format between two sisters.  Just like "The Silent Room," that I talked about in my past blog, this book takes you through the mind of a schizophrenic.

One night when Pammy was feeling low, her roommate read her poetry.  This was a changing point in her life.  Soon Pammy realized that she had a gift.  She was an incredible writer.  Pammy wrote an essay about the ups and downs of her experiences with schizophrenia and all she has gone through because of it, along with a letter to the editor of Harvard's newspaper, asserting the right of the disabled, especially those with mental illness, to be treated as human beings.  Soon after she receives a call from Bob Roberts, the editor, "Your letter was quite articulate.  I'd be eager to have you write a longer piece tied into the current discussion of health-care reform."  Pammy accepts.  Soon after her phone was ringing off the hook with people sharing inspirational stories and complimenting her piece.  Then, Pammy receives a letter, "I am pleased to inform you that you are the first place winner of our 1993 Mental Health Media Award for your article."  Pammy is a graduate from Brown University, an award winning poet and an extraordinary writer.  She proves that although she has schizophrenia, schizophrenia doesn't have her.  

The most interesting part of this book was this quote by Lynnie talking about Pammy:

"On subways she's the kind of person who makes people nervous, one of those nameless, faceless street beggars who stumble about talking nonsense to themselves.  Or one of the drunks who camp on doorsteps, the derelicts that people curse, step around, or simply cross the street to avoid.. To the rest of the world she is not a brilliant, compassioante, incredibly talented poet and writer.  Other people don't see in her their aunt, or sister, their next-door neighbor laid low by an incurable illness. " 

(Pammy to the right and Lynnie to the left)

The reason why I want to be a psychiatrist is because of that quote by Lynnie.  Pammy has a family, a background, she was us at sometime.  I feel like people tend to forget that mental illness are just that, illnesses.  They effect a person but they don't define them.

Hypnosis

Now listen to my voice.  You're eyes are getting heavy.  You're going to fall asleep in 3... 2... 1... When you wake up... you will read my blog.  See, hypnosis does work!  Well considering you can't hear my voice hypnosis is probably impossible through a blog.  But does real hypnosis actually work?

My first encounter with hypnosis was at my friend's prom.  In the auditorium of their high school, a hypnotist managed to hypnotize the whole prom commitee.  It was quite entertaining.  The hypnotist made them do several things; ranging from singing and dancing to crying and acting.  The audience seemed to be skeptic at first.  Was the prom committee coaxed into providing an interested show? Or was this real hypnosis at work?  Well the hypnotist surprised us all by picking random people form the crowd several times and performing the same hypnotic procedure.  It worked every time.  

Penn State seems to be curious about this phenomenon also.  In research done here at the university, researchers wonder if hypnosis can actually be considered a successful psychological treatment.  An example of a possible situation to use hypnosis could be abuse therapy:  

“We have done a variety of EEG studies, one of which suggests that hypnosis removes the emotional experience of pain while allowing the sensory sensation to remain.  Thus, you notice you were touched but not that it hurt.”

If possible, this method of hypnosis could lift a burden off of someone's shoulders.  Abuse may haunt a person for life, but what if this method could alleviate the traumatic pain a little?

Penn State explains that we are hypnotized every day; whether it's a good book or an interesting movie, our attention is completely engrossed into an outside stimuli.  This is what hypnosis attentions to do: distract the mind.  But this distraction doesn't mean that the mind is gone during this state.  Penn State studies show that the brain is quite active and is successful when attempting to complete task while hypnotized.  While some people believe that this idea of hypnosis is ridiculous, Penn State seems to think that it's worth a shot.

Multiple Personalities

Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D. or multiple personality disorder) is a disorder that psychiatrists don't diagnose too easily:

"A person with dissociative identity disorder will have two or more separate identities that each have their own way of thinking and relating to the world. To have this disorder, a minimum of two of these identities must also take control over the person's behavior again and again. The person with dissociative identity disorder may also have difficulty remembering personal information that, like dissociative amnesia, goes beyond simple forgetfulness."

This is because there are many skeptics who feel that people make up these personalities in order to blame wrong-doings on them.  Often with D.I.D. the victim will suddenly switch personalities and do things that they do not recall.  Skeptics seem to think this is a made up disorder which promotes blaming mistakes on imaginary alternates of yourself.  But this disorder is very real.

A great model of this disorder is Herschel Walker.  He is a formal college and professional football player, who also won the Heisman Trophy.  But sadly, he doesn't remember receiving this great honor.  During his football career, Walker says that was a different person.  In the interview above, his ex-wife also speaks out.  She talks about how he pulled a gun on her and that his alternates were often violent.  But she goes on to say that she felt she had to be there for him.  She knew that this disorder was real, and that that man was not her husband.  

All of his friends and family didn't even notice something wrong with him.  Walker explained that he developed coping mechanisms throughout his football career.  He tried to keep himself as the confident and game-winning alternate.  But after his career his ex-wife says that he wasn't himself.  Changing his routine affected him greatly because he was used to his old coping mechanisms.  His therapist states that it is common for D.I.D. victims to hide the disorder and feel that they're crazy for thinking that they're crazy.  So with time, it gets worse.  That is what happened with Walker.  

After  8 years of therapy, Walker has written a book explaining his experience witht he disorder.  D.I.D. isn't a disorder that goes away, it's a lifestyle that you must live with.   In this book Walker discusses how he copes with D.I.D. and his struggles that were never revealed before.  He explains all of his violent thoughts, which exemplifies that D.I.D. isn't a made up disorder.  Herschel Walker, even throughout his violent breakouts, remains a person with great strength and courage.

The World is Crazy

This is a saying that I've heard plenty of times.  You see someone walk by on the street doing something abnormal, and you think to yourself, "The world is full of crazy people."  But interestingly enough, these are the people that fascinate me.  They interest me so much I'd love to sit down and spend time with them.  My family calls me crazy because usually you would attempt to avoid these types of people, but I want to embrace them.

"Shutter Island" is the movie that sparked my interest in the most hopeless of all psychiatric cases.  It is about a man who has Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).  In the movie, his wife has Bipolar Disorder and it is actually so severe that she drowns her own kids.  Leonardo DiCaprio plays the role of the man with PTSD very well.  He exemplifies every emotionally symptom very accurately so that the viewer understands his side of the story.  The movie takes you through a couple days at the psychiatric hospital with DiCaprio, who believes himself to be sane and only present in the hospital to solve a mystery.  He thinks that he is a detective and that the hospital is simply trying to claim him as insane so that they can do tests on him.  Unfortunately toward the end the viewer sees the truth, that DiCaprio does have severe PTSD and avoids the memory of his wife killing their three children.


DiCaprio held my interest throughout the movie but I couldn't help but wonder, "Who is in Ward C?"  Ward A, B,C refer to the parts of the hospital in which the patients stay.  Separated by : women, men, and I guess you can call them, other?  Ward C (other) houses the most dangerous patients.  But to me, the most interesting. They don't scare me because I know that we are all just people and we all go crazy sometimes.

The Real Fear Factor

There are plenty of phobias out there.  Some are stranger than others; ranging anywhere from papaphobia (fear of the pope) to arachnophobia (fear of spiders).  Before writing this blog I understood that there are a lot of phobias, but I did not realize the extremity of them.  There is a phobia for almost anything.  But my fear is that these phobias aren't being faced. (I wonder what kind of name they could come up with for that fear.)

It's easy to say "I have a fear of doctors, I am Iatrophobic."  This makes the fear seem concrete and potent in one's life.  When people have a slight fear of something, most people will stay away from it.  They just accept the mindset "Well, I'm afraid of that."  We name our fears as if they're our pets; nurturing to their needs by avoiding any factor of that phobia which may consequently lead to some form of discomfort.  Giving names to these fears make them seem as if they cannot be fixed.  People aren't meant to diagnose themselves, especially without fighting back..  A true diagnosis would consist of the three D's (deviant, dysfunctional, and distressful).  Once a fear is intrusive in one's life, affects many areas of one's life, and causes one great stress, then a diagnosis may be made.  Without these indicators, a problematic fear may not be considered a full-blown disorder or phobia.  

Here is a website with comments from people with strange "phobias."  Some tell their source of the fear which makes those phobia appear more valid.

One example from that website is the fear of cars.  He says it is the result of having nightmares of being run over as a child.  This is the source of his fear.  Perhaps with enough exposure to automobiles, and by coming to the realization that the nightmares weren't real, he may be able to combat his fear of cars.  Here is an article about the idea of simply facing your fears, which offers great advice.  

Finding the origin of the phobia may lead to the triumphant end of it.  One method is reducing your heart rate by breathing in the presence of your fear, which results in a reduction of anxious discomfort.  There are plenty of universal ways to cope with fear, so check them out before diagnosing yourself as a lost cause.

What's My Name?

Memory loss is a scary thing.  Can you imagine not knowing the faces of your own loved ones?  Not being able to recall your most precious memories?  It's incomprehensible.  But it's one of the many reasons to appreciate every second.


Alzheimer's disease, dissociative identity disorder, and post-traumatic disorder are few of the many psychology disorders involving memory loss.  The common factor with these disorders is that your memory is usually slowly taken away from you.  But what if by impact all your memories dissappeared?

While this is a more extreme example, it does make you appreciate your loved ones a little more.  After seeing the trailer for this movie I became interested in finding real life experiences of this type of situation:


Meet Jeff.  A 19 year old who discusses his life after being pushed down the stairs by his brother as a child.  He can't remember any of his childhood memories and soon he discovers that he has Long Term Memory Loss.  Jeff has trouble recalling things from his past, however, his short term memory was not as injured from the accident so he can remember things like what he ate for breakfast.  Although that may not seem important to us, memories seem more crucial once you start forgetting.

Kathy is the wife of a victim of a form of extreme memory loss, encephalitis, which is explained further in her story.  She discusses the struggle of losing her husband before her eyes and not being able to do anything but simply be there for him.  But toward the end is an excerpt from her husband, Simon.  He discusses how great his family has been and refers to his memory loss as "fits."  He says that after these fits he has no recollection of what has happened.  It is an inspirational story of love and loss, memory loss to be specific.


Memory loss isn't just loss of memory.  It's loss of experience, feelings, and thoughts which makes us who we are.  Hearing about experiences like in Jeff's blog, Kathy's story, and "The Vow" makes me feel appreciative of every experience I've had and of the loved ones in which I've shared them with.

The Perfect Perspective

Psychology is a very interesting field.  It covers topics from human behaviors to scientific mental processes, but in my opinion the most interesting topic is what can go wrong within these processes.  There are scientific explanations for psychological disorders that affect people like me and you.  It is important to understand that people are affected by psychological disorders just as suddenly as other health issues.

People have very different environmental and genetic factors that we are born into which differetiate ourselves.  But with this idea, how much control do we have over the kind of person we are?  This is a topic I find interesting to explore and discuss.  Throughout my blogs I will be taking you on a journey into the minds of different psychological disorders through movies, books, and even true stories.  The stories will surprise you and help you regain some very insightful perspective.

 

The first is a book, The Quiet Room by Lori Schiller.  This autobiography takes the reader through what psychologists call "the cancer of psychological disorders", Schizophrenia.  The story explains a young girl, 17 years old, who slowly develops this detrimental disorder.  It is the diary of Lori, her mother, her father, her doctors, and her siblings.  This book exemplifies the best possible perspective of Schizophrenia anyone could ever desire to have.  It takes all the perspectives in which the disorder is affecting and explains them so that you can feel every emotion, every relapse, and every success.


At age 17, Lori started hearing voices.  These voices tore down Lori's self esteem.  They yelled at her, telling her that she didn't deserve to live.  Lori went through many suicide attempts.  Suicide is thought of as the easy way out.  But for Lori, she simply felt alone and seeing it from her perspective, you can understand her rationality. 


Lori was misunderstood.  At first, she didn't even understand what was happeningto herself.  Without a psychology background, how was she suppose to know?  Before the disease, she was a simple teenage girl.  She had aspirations, college acceptances, friends, boyfriends, and family- just like most teenage girls.  But these accomplishments didn't give her the right to a welcoming invitation to Schizophrenia.  She didn't see the disorder coming at all, just as none of us would have.  And that quickly the voices entered her mind and took over her life.


Lori wrote, “I didn’t know how to communicate my suffering to anyone else. My anger was returning. I was screaming for help, but the language I was speaking no one seemed to understand. (183)”  But Lori didn't give up.  Through the support of her family she was able to leave the hospital after so many attempts and go back into her daily life.  She kept her diaries and made them into a beautiful story of inspiration and courage.  Lori Schiller still battles with Schizophrenia every day, but she has learned to take it one day at a time.  Today, Lori has gotten married and traveled many times to make inspirational speeches about her book. 

Schizophrenia is a greek word for "split mind."  And that is exactly what it does to its victims.  It splits their mind into different personalities and consequently splits their life into a never ending battle between their schizophrenic world and their normal life.  Schizophrenia is real.  So next time you see someone talking to themselves on the street, empathize, because we are all people, and no one deserves to go through what Lori Schiller and so many others have.